Before After You Apply EA - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Before After You Apply EA - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Before After You Apply EA With the Early Action deadline approaching, here are a few more detailed steps to take both before and after you apply. BEFORE Get a copy of your SSN card to make sure your information is correct for both admissions and Financial Aid data. Print out a copy of your official HS transcript to help with the self-reported grades section. Update and print out a copy of your résumé for the activities/sports/volunteer/work/etc. sections. Get your payment information, and know that we can only accept credit card payments from 7 a.m. until 11:00 p.m. Send in your SAT/ACT scores to UGA, and remember that we superscore and only use your highest scores, so there is no need to wait until after you apply or after you see the scores to send them. You can send updated test scores after you apply, but we suggest sending in any scores you have already received. Do not be late submitting your application, as we shut off the Early Action deadline after 10/15, and we cannot reopen it. Make sure you both complete the application and select a payment option, as both are required to apply. Do not wait until the night of the deadline to apply, as that is when your computer will decide to freeze up. AFTER Be patient as we load your application into our our system and match up test scores and supporting documents. Test scores are loaded on Tuesdays and Fridays, and are not always sent immediately by the testing agency. We suggest giving our office 5-10 business days to match up items, so you not need to send items multiple times. Documents (transcripts, counselor/school evaluations, etc.) that are sent prior to applying take a little while longer than items sent after applying, so we suggest sending in materials after you apply. We accept electronic documents such as GACollege411 transcripts, Parchment (an electronic document system) documents and our own counselor form, as these get to us much quicker than printed documents that are mailed. We are fine with mailed documents, but it takes more time to get to us through the mail, opened, scanned and into a file than with electronic documents. We will accept all SAT/ACT scores that are both taken and sent by the 10/15 deadline, so we are fine with the October SAT but we cannot accept the October ACT. As well, in order for us to use your ACT scores, we need at least one ACT Writing score. Make sure you send us scores on time so we can review your file. A day or so after you apply, we will load your application into our system. You will then be able to log into the myStatus page. This is where you will be able to enter your counselors email for the school/counselor evaluation. We are okay if your counselor chooses to send in a counselor form through Parchment instead. Use the myStatus page to keep track of your application and supporting documents/test scores. You (the applicant) are ultimately responsible for your application, but we will send some reminder emails/texts if your file is incomplete. I repeat, use the myStatus page to keep track of your application. Remember, we need an application fee, an official transcript, a school/counselor evaluation and an SAT or ACT (with Writing) score to complete your file, and the supplemental items EA submission deadline is 10/22. We cannot review your application without all these items. I hope this helps, and Go Dawgs!

How Far Did Napoleon Maintain the Aims of the French...

Liberty, property, equality, fraternity, uniformity, utility, popular sovereignty; these are just some words that best describe the aims and principles of the French Revolution. Did Napoleon Bonaparte I, Emperor of France, hinder, maintain, or in fact ‘further’ the aims of the revolution?, this is a question in which many historians argue about and can come to no definitive answer. First of all, in an economic sense, Napoleon definitely followed some of the earlier revolutionary principles in his reform of the nation. Napoleon introduced limits on grain exports (due to poor harvests) in 1811 and placed price limits on bread and grain in 1812, much like the revolutionary governments such as ‘The Assembly’ and ‘The Convention’. Napoleon†¦show more content†¦For example; he established the Legion of Honour to reward loyalty and was open to all who served the state, as well as honours for other members of society. However, as it turned out the majority of the recipients were of ‘noble birth’ and most received these honours for remaining loyal and honest to Napoleon. Although Napoleon talked about equal opportunities, the rich and wealthy could abuse their rights. Notables could, for instance, buy hereditary rights and rich men could avoid conscription by paying a poorer substitute to serve. Opportunities were in fact very limited for improving status lower down the social hierarchy and entry to government posts was largely dependent on income. In this sense, Napoleon ‘talked up’ the rights to equal opportunities in France, although there were more (equal rights) than under the Ancien Rà ©gime. In terms of Politics and how France changed politically, Napoleon managed to maintain the aims of the French Revolution, as well as abuse them some of the time. The creation of the Napoleonic code (Civil Code) of 1804, in which Napoleon took a great interest in, created a law for the whole of France that incorporated the aims and principles of the French Revolution. Uniformity was achieved as Napoleon was able to combine all the overlapping systems of law into one. This code brought equality before the law and included; the abolition of feudal dues and serfdom whereShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesoriginal analyses of the possibilities for meaningful accounting standardization. With an agenda as rich as this, it is all the more praiseworthy that Michael maintained his dialogues with both the academic and the practitioner communities. But that he did. Those who know Michael Bromwich are not surprised by his many involvements, h owever. Constantly striving, always curious and ever personable, he has developed a pattern of interests, involvements, and friendships that have sustained his very effective

The Quotation Of Maya Angelou - 1066 Words

1. Quotation and page number: â€Å"If growing up is painful for the Southern Black girl, being aware of her displacement is the rust on the razor that threatens the throat† (Angelou 4) Speaker: Maya Angelou Significance: Maya was supposed to give her Easter speech in a beautiful dress she imagined would make her look like a white movie star. Instead, it was an ugly hand me down and too long for Maya’s liking. Maya was disappointed in her dress because not only was it not what she expected, but she realized she will never look or be treated like a white movie star. The quotation shows that Maya Angelou was aware of the difficulties of African Americans at such a small age. Maya acknowledges the fact that she won’t be treated the same as†¦show more content†¦This quote is important because based on stereotypes developed by other people, black people are violent and rude. Maya would likely have been punished for standing up for her grandmother while the white girls would be sympathized for harassing an elderly woman. Part II Pages 97-192 4. Quotation and page number: â€Å"Words mean more than what is set on paper. It takes the human voice to infuse them with the shades of deeper meaning.† (Angelou 98) Speaker: Mrs. Flowers Significance: Mrs. Flowers connects with Maya trying to get her to talk again. Mrs. Flowers accomplishes her goal by first saying this quote, which gave Maya something to think about. This quote is significant because Mrs. Flowers helped influence Maya to talk again and it was okay to talk and express how she feels and that words were more important said aloud than on paper. Although, both had importance and meaning 5. Quotation and page number: â€Å"It was brutal to be young and already trained to sit quietly and listen to charges brought against my color with no chance of defense.† (Angelou 180) Speaker: Maya Angelou Significance: Maya and the rest of her graduating class are at graduation hoping it will be full of joy and happiness. Instead, they were reminded of how they were â€Å"not capable† to be anything but housewives or basketball players. This quote is significant because it shows howShow MoreRelatedUnfair Ism Or Racism?946 Words   |  4 Pagespresent in the united states since the colonial era or rather said the slave era. In another words African-American at that time were treated unfairly because at that time they were not valuable as a human beings. In the essay ‘’Graduation’’ by Maya Angelou and ‘’Notes of a native son’’ by James Baldwin, One can see how racism and unfairness were present in the society at that time. In ‘’Notes of a native son’’ by James baldwin starts off by saying how his father’s funeral was on his 19th birthdayRead MoreThe Importance of Determination Essay687 Words   |  3 Pagesthe obstacles that stand in their way. â€Å"Mother to Son† by Langston Hughes and â€Å"Still I Rise† by Maya Angelou are two different works written by two different authors yet they both convey the same message. Together, the two authors stress the significance of pushing harder when faced with conflicts rather than simply giving up. Using figurative language and repetition, Langston Hughes and Maya Angelou effectively emphasize this message in both of their poems. In both poems, both authors attemptRead MoreEssay on Maya Angelou’s â€Å"Champion of the World†859 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment #1: Maya Angelou’s â€Å"Champion of the World† Questions on Meaning 1. What do you take to be the author’s Purpose in telling this story? I think the author’s purpose of writing this story was to tell about how she felt that Joe Louis was more then just a boxer. Joe was a hero to the African American community. She tells about how important it was for Joe to win the fight and what the outcomes could be if he did not win. 2. What connection does Angelou make between the outcomeRead MoreA Homemade Education By Malcolm X And Letter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.1796 Words   |  8 Pagesdampened by the discouragement that must inevitably come.† This theme of perseverance and persistence is exemplified through the works of Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr. and Maya Angelou who are defying social norms by revolting against racial injustice and educational inequality. Based on the texts, â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou, â€Å"A Homemade Education† by Malcolm X and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr., it is clear that the writers/ narrators show a great deal of persistence.Read MoreCompare and Contrast Essay866 Words   |  4 Pagesable to do this- each in their own way. The first difference between Fish Cheeks and Caged Birds is the format of the literature. Amy Tan in Fish Cheeks chose to write a short descriptive essay (Tan, 2013). While Maya Angelou wrote in Caged Bird, a narrative in a poem format (Angelou, 1983). Each individual artist had a certain way in which, they wanted to express a significant event that they have learned throughout their life. I felt that it was easier to relate to Amy Tans message because sheRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1477 Words   |  6 Pages*Note: The narrator is referred to as Marguerite in the questions that deal with her memoirs, since that is how she refers to herself throughout the book. In instances where the author is sharing her beliefs and philosophy, she is referred to as Maya Angelou. Chapters 18-21 What is the author s theory about peoples belief in divine intervention? The author’s theory about the peoples’ belief in divine intervention is that the poorest existence is attributed to God’s will, but as their materilisticRead MoreTwo Pesentations of Love in Maya Angelous Poems: ‘A Kind of Love, Some Say’ and ‘Where We Belong, A Duet’1008 Words   |  5 PagesThese poems written by Maya Angelou both portray love in a very different way. 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She had difficultly understanding and accepting the consequences that accompanied belongingRead MoreReview Of I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings 1553 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings† by: Maya Angelou, she illustrates Marguerite combating society from a disadvantaged position. Set in the United States during the time of racism and segregation towards the black community, the novel displays the contrast in Maya’s upbringing in Stamps, St. Louis to San Francisco and her constantly changing development and maturity in herself through her effectiveness to conquer difficult situations. Maya Angelou uses symbolism in the form of the caged birdRead MoreEssay On Maya Angelou1879 Words   |  8 PagesMaya Angelou is one of the most important American Authors who ever lived. She was an African-American woman who spoke her mind and when someone told her she couldn’t do something, it made her want to do it even more so that she could prove them wrong (Shapiro). Her life was incredibly difficult, but it made her who she was and influenced her writing and poetry immensely. As Gary Younge once said, â€Å"To know her life story is to simultaneously wonder what on earth you have been doing with your

Implementation of E-Commerce on Supply Chain Management

SCHOOL OF COMMERCE D.A.V.V MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT ON â€Å"Implementation of e-commerce on supply chain management with reference to logistic management† A Research Dissertation Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of Degree of Bachelor’s of Foreign Trade (2009-2012) GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY: Mr. Vandit Hedau Rohit Wagle MBA FT(5 yrs) 6th Sem Preface A supply chain is a system of†¦show more content†¦LITERATURE REVIEW 24 CHAPTER 3.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27 3.1THE STUDY 3.2THE DESIGN 3.3THE TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY CASE STUDY 4.1 ACE PVT. LTD. 33 4.2 FAABER PAINTS PVT. LTD. 37 4.3 Hydrocontrol Pvt. Ltd. 39 4.4 Sejal Glass Pvt. Ltd. 41 CHAPTER 5. RESULT 44 CHAPTER 6.SUGGESTION AND CONCULSION 46 Reference 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Supply Chain Management:- A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. 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EDI systems are seller-side solutions. ANS. FALSE 3. Net market places are growing at a faster rate than private industrial networks. ANS. TRUE 4. E-distributors typically operate in vertical markets. ANS. FALSE 5. Exchanges tend to be biased toward the seller even though they are independently owned and presumably neutral. ANS. FALSE 6. Industry consortia are typicallyRead MoreExam Summary949 Words   |  4 Pagesacquisition of goods and services) 3.) Explain the challenges in implementation of enterprise system and the impacts on organisation 4.) 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The play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

The play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare Essay The play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, was written in the early 17th century, during the Elizabethan era. In this time period, women were expected to marry at a young age and have children to carry on the family name; this was to be their only role in life. Women were not believed to be rational and intelligent human beings. For centuries, women have been imprisoned within this box, constricted and restrained by the male view of what womens role in life is. They are mothers, daughters, girlfriends, and wives but never philosophers, business people, investors, owners, doctors or lawyers; they were thought to not be capable in such occupations. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses this age-old idea and because of that the role of women is minimized to that of a mother, daughter, and wife. However, Shakespeare does cast a very sexual light on the role of women within this play. The female characters within the play Hamlet play a very minimal role and only serve to further develop the characters of the men within the play. Gertrude is both a mother and a wife within this play and she helps to motivate Hamlet further in gaining his revenge on Claudius. Hamlet states: And yet, within a month à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" / Let me not think on it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Frailty, thy name is woman à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" / A little month, or ere those shoes were old/ With which she followed my poor fathers body, / Like Niobe, all tears à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" why she, even she à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" / à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Would have mourned longer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" married with my uncle, / à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Within a month, / Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears / Had left the flushing in her galled eyes, / She married. I.ii.ll 147-158. Hamlet speaks of Gertrudes sudden marriage to Claudius after the death of Old Hamlet. In the second line of the above quote, Hamlet uses the world frail to describe women, meaning that women are weak and not in control of their emotions. Shakespeare also does nothing to develop Gertrudes character any further; we learn very little about her thoughts and feelings towards Old Hamlet, her marriage to his brother, and even Claudius himself. Ophelia also serves to motivate Laertes to further his revenge against Hamlet. By heaven, thy madness shall be paid by weight/ Till our scale turn the beam IV.v.ll 167-168. Yet, neither of these women were the original motivation; they only served to further motivate both Hamlet and Laertes. Both Ophelia and Gertrude are portrayed as weak females with virtually no independence. An example of this is Ophelia obeying her father when he commands her to stop seeing Hamlet. I shall obey, my lord I.i.ll 141. As a daughter, she immediately surrenders to her father and brothers will. Ophelia is further characterized as weak when she goes insane. When compared to Hamlet, we see that Hamlet managed to overcome his fathers death and plot revenge on his fathers murderer. Ophelia, on the  other hand, succumbs to the distress and shock and goes insane instead. This is saying that men are strong and dont let their emotions overcome them, unlike women. Even Gertrude moves instinctively towards the safer choices given to her. An example of this is when she seeks out Claudius right after her confrontation with Hamlet. Bestow this place on us a little while. Ah, my good lord, what have I seen to-night! IV.i.ll 4-5. She does not stop to even think about her situation or what has happened. Gertrude is completely reliant on the men in her life and only seems to be able to think for herself in social situations. .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a , .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a .postImageUrl , .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a , .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a:hover , .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a:visited , .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a:active { border:0!important; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a:active , .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubfa04828c6f5bce10e8a919758e9df1a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The climatic scenes EssayGertrude states: Good gentlemen, he hath much talked of you, / And sure I am, two men there are not living / To whom he more adheres. If it will please you/ To show us so much gentry and good will/ As to expend your time with us awhile, / For the supply and profit of our hope, / Your visitation shall receive such thanks/ As fits a kings remembrance. II.ii.ll 19-26. Gertrude is in control of herself here and doesnt, at any point, look to Claudius for assistance as she normally does. The one time that Gertrude does try and show some independence is when she drinks from the poisoned cup. I will, my lord, I pray you, pardon me V.ii.ll 302. The message being given here is that without the guidance of men, women cannot function because if Gertrude had listened to Claudius, she would not have drank and survived. Throughout the entire play Hamlet, both Ophelia and Gertrude were controlled by the men in their lives; they are not in control of their surrounding at any time. Ophelias immediate obedience to Polonius when he orders to stop seeing Hamlet is an example of this. I would not, in plain terms, from this time forth, / Have you so slander any moment leisure, / As to give words or talk with the Lord Hamlet. / Look to it, I charge you. Come your ways I.iii.ll 137-140. Polonius tells Ophelia what she has to do and doesnt allow her to think for herself. Each action that is done by either woman is the result of an earlier action done by one of the male characters. Ophelia goes crazy and then dies because of Polonius death and Hamlets rejection of her. O, this is the poison of deep grief. It springs/ all from her fathers death IV.v.ll 74-75. Another example is when Polonius plans to use Ophelia as bait to figure out the cause of Hamlets madness; he is controlling what she does and says here. At such a time Ill loose my daughter to him, / Be you and I behind an arras then, / mark the encounter II.ii.ll 175-177. Ophelia, walk you here. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Gracious, so please you, / Well bestow ourselves. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" / Read on this book, / That show of  such an exercise may colour/ Your loneliness III.i.ll 48-52. They are completely dominated by the male figures in their lives. The role of women in Hamlet is also very sexually oriented. There are many references to prostitutes, sexual favors, incest and sex itself. There are also many comparisons between objects and emotions to sexual objects or people. An example of this is when Claudius compares the guilt he is feeling to a prostitute. How smart a lash that speech doth give my conscience! / The harlots cheek, beautied with plastering art, / Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it/ Than is my deed to my most painted word III.i.ll 57-60. Each negative feeling or emotion, such as guilt, is compared to women, as if they are somehow similar. In Hamlets confrontation with Ophelia, he tells her many times to go to a brothel where she belongs, as she acts much like a whore does. Get thee to a nunnery. Why wouldst thou be a/ breeder of sinners? III.i.ll 131-132. Hamlet also speaks of womens attitude and how they pretend to be innocent and beautiful but are really not. Hamlet states: I have heard of your paintings too, well enough. / God hath given you one face, and you make yourselves/ another. You jig and amble, and you lisp, and nick-/ name Gods creatures, and make your wantonness/ your ignorance. Go to, Ill no more on it. It hath made/ me mad. I say, we will have no more marriages. Those/ that are married already, all but one, shall live. The rest/ shall keep as they are. To a nunnery, go. .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 , .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 .postImageUrl , .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 , .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571:hover , .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571:visited , .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571:active { border:0!important; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571:active , .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571 .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud6d64ed4f6c7d79446aade3da5034571:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The play An Inspector Calls Essay SummaryIII.I.ll 154-161. During the play performed by the Players, Hamlet speaks to Ophelia with heavy sexual connotations behind his words. Do you think I meant country matters? III.ii.l 115. Thats a fair thought to lie between maids legs III.ii.l 117. Ophelia is a noblewoman and yet, she is subject to embarrassing conversations that a servant woman would normally endure. This is saying that all women are alike and they have no class distinctions between them as men do. Even when Hamlet speaks with Gertrude in her room, he makes many references to her incestuous bed. Nay, but to live/ In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, / Stewed in corruption, honeying and making love/ Over the nasty sty! III.iv.ll 102-105. Women are subject to whatever faults men place on them instead of themselves. Within the play Hamlet, the role of women is very negative; they are sexual objects, weak, and not independent. Shakespeare has used a model of the women of his time and put them into this play, Hamlet. Though time has passed and views have changed on women, Hamlet remains the same, stuck in the 17th century. The role of women in Hamlet remains very minimal and only serves to further enhance and characterize the male characters within the play.

Evolutionary Psychology Depression

Molecular Mechanisms, Symptoms and Treatments in Cystic Fibrosis The WritePass Journal

Molecular Mechanisms, Symptoms and Treatments in Cystic Fibrosis Introduction Molecular Mechanisms, Symptoms and Treatments in Cystic Fibrosis IntroductionMolecular MechanismsSymptomsCurrent TreatmentsFuture TreatmentsConclusionRelated Introduction Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder currently affecting over 9000 people living in the United Kingdom alone, with millions of people carrying the faulty recessive gene responsible for the disease. This essay is split into 4 distinct sections, firstly looking at the faulty gene and its effects on the organs of the body, followed by an in-depth look at the symptoms of patients suffering with cystic fibrosis, whereas the third section will look at the treatments available to sufferers. The forth section will contain potential future cures and treatments for the cystic fibrosis. Molecular Mechanisms The faulty gene that codes for cystic fibrosis affects organs such as the lungs and pancreas. This fault causes high mucosal build up in these organs. Noticeably with regards to the lungs as the high volume of mucous can cause severe breathing difficulties. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein is coded for by the CFTR gene, in chromosome 7 of the human genome. CFTR is a glycoprotein made up of 1480 amino acids consisting of 5 domains. The CFTR protein is responsible for a variety of functions in the apical membranes of cells including the transport of chloride ions, regulation of the sodium ion channels and the regulation of hydrogen carbonate ion transport across the apical membrane[3]. However, it seems that the main contributing factor to cystic fibrosis is the transportation of chloride ions across the apical membrane and sodium ion regulation. Mutations in the CFTR gene can be categorized into 6 classes; depending on the effect they have on the production of the CFTR protein. The mutations are listed below in Figure 1, with the consequence of the mutation on the CFTR protein. Mutation Number Consequence of Mutation I Not synthesised II Inadequately processed III Not regulated IV Shows abnormal conductance V Partially defective production VI Accelerated degradation Figure 1 – Table showing the Mutation Number and the Consequence of the mutation on the CFTR protein The mutations stated in figure 1, either cause the CFTR protein to become ineffective or prevents synthesis altogether. Classes I and III prevent synthesis of the CFTR protein, whereas other mutations cause problems in the production of the protein.   Class II mutations effects can vary from the CFTR protein being completely dysfunctional to significantly reduced function depending on the patient. Class IV and Class V mutations do not cause the CFTR protein to cease working, but do have a derogatory effect on their function. Class VI mutations cause before-time degradation of the protein meaning reduced function. One of the consequences of the CFTR protein not functioning in cystic fibrosis patients is a high concentration of chloride ions developing in the intracellular space, as well as little regulation of sodium ions entering the cell. Under normal circumstances water would diffuse out the cell and contribute to the airway surface liquid as the concentrations of chloride and sodium ions would be higher in the extracellular space. However with a defective CFTR gene the osmotic gradient is reversed. Thus leading to a high ion concentration within the cell and depletion in the airway surface liquid. Cilia are small hair like projections in the respiratory tract which are responsible for wafting the mucous up the respiratory tract so it can be swallowed and infection averted. Mucous is one of the body’s primary physical defences against bacterial infection. Pathogens capable of causing respiratory disease are caught on the mucous in the respiratory tract and eventually swallowed with the aid of cilia thus avoiding the entry of pathogens into the lungs and causing bacterial infection.   Airway surface liquid also prevents infection by facilitating the movement of mucous up the respiratory tract. However when there is depletion in airway surface liquid, the cilia are also affected. The mucous therefore needs to be of low viscosity so it can be easily moved up the respiratory tract. However, due to the lack of airway surface liquid in a patient with cystic fibrosis the mucous becomes static and more viscous leading to bacterial infections in the lungs. Cystic Fibrosis does not just affect the lungs in some cases. Occasionally, the pancreas and in the case of men, reproductive organs can be affected. This all depends on which class of mutation of the CFTR gene the patient has as patients with Class I, II and III are prone to pancreatic insufficiency3. In normal pancreatic exocrine secretion, the digestive enzymes secreted from pancreatic gland cells, are mixed with a bicarbonate-rich fluid, secreted from duct cells and released into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of food. The function of the pancreatic gland cells remains fairly constant, but there is a noticeable difference in secretion of the bicarbonate-rich fluid from the duct cells. Thickening secretions causes the duct releasing fluids into the small intestine becomes blocked by enzymes precipitating as well as mucosal build up. With the ducts becoming more blocked, the pressure inside the pancreas increases and as the pancreas lacks structures aiding in support i s therefore very prone to damage. Symptoms Cystic fibrosis effects different organs around the body and therefore gives rise to a vast range of symptoms. The organs most heavily affected by cystic fibrosis are the lungs and the pancreas, and in males, the reproductive organs are affected. The most obvious indication that a patient may have cystic fibrosis would be a family history of the disease. As cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder, the faulty recessive gene can be passed to children. Due to the gene being recessive, it is possible for parents to be a carrier for cystic fibrosis but not express any symptoms themselves. Therefore if both parents are carriers of the gene, then there is a 25% chance of the offspring having cystic fibrosis.   From 2009 onwards it is required for new-born babies in the USA to be screened for genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. If positive, it gives doctors an opportunity to act quickly and maybe prevent other more serious problems, related to cystic fibrosis developing later in life[7]. Other common symptoms that are shown by most ages are salty tasty skin, clubbing of the fingers and toes, coughing with sputum production, mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from airway secretions and hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis[8]. The symptoms shown by the patient are also different depending on their age. Figure 2 shows a table listing the symptoms by age they become prevalent. Neonatal Infancy Childhood Adolescence and Adulthood   Meconium ileus Persistent infiltrates on  chest  radiographs Chronic pansinusitis or nasal polyposis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Protracted jaundice Failure to thrive Steatorrhoea Chronic pansinusitis or nasal polyposis Abdominal or scrotal calcifications Anasarca or hypoproteinaemia Rectal prolapse Bronchiectasis Intestinal atresia Chronic diarrhoea Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome  or intussusception Haemoptysis Abdominal distention Idiopathic recurrent or chronic pancreatitis Idiopathic  recurrent pancreatitis Cholestasis Liver disease Portal hypertension Staphylococcus aureus  pneumonia Delayed puberty Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (vitamin A deficiency) Azoospermia  secondary to congenital bilateral absence of the  vas deferens Haemolytic  anaemia Figure 2 – Depending on the age of the patient, different symptoms for Cystic Fibrosis will be apparent shown in the table above8 As shown in Figure 2, cystic fibrosis has a big effect on many parts of the body. However, the main problem for a patient with cystic fibrosis remains pulmonary disease and the effect of the gastrointestinal problems which arise. Innate defence mechanisms like the physical barrier provided by the mucous, lining the respiratory tract, is inefficient at its function in a patient with cystic fibrosis. This therefore leads high levels of bacterial infection and inflammation. The bacterial infections begin soon after birth with Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus inï ¬â€šuenzae usually being the pioneer bacteria causing primary infection in the lungs of a patient. It has been suggested that these bacteria are responsible for damaging the epithelial surface cells and therefore aiding other bacteria bind to the surface, however this is still under debate by scientists. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the organism responsible for the later, fatal infections that cause the highest mortality rate in patients with cystic fibrosis. The CFTR protein not only has functions transporting ions, but it is also thought to have a role in binding molecules of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a normal individual, Pseudomonas aeruginosa binds to the CFTR protein, and a rapid and self-limiting inï ¬â€šammatory response9 occurs removing the infection from the respiratory tract. This explains why Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main causative agent of pulmonary disease in cyst ic fibrosis sufferers. Symptoms of cystic fibrosis caused by gastrointestinal problems are mainly caused by the inability to digest food. As mentioned above the ducts leading to the small intestine, which would carry a liquid, containing digestive enzymes is blocked. This causes the pancreas to come pressure and gets damaged. The symptoms caused by this inability to digest food are greasy stools,  flatulence, abdominal bloating, and poor  weight gain8. At the time of its discovery, malnutrition was the main cause of death due to the inability to produce the enzymes in the pancreas to digest food. Malnutrition can now be treated using pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy8, however other factors like the poor adsorption of fat soluble vitamins can lead to acrodermatitis, anaemia, night blindess, neuropathy, osteoporosis and bleeding disorders8. A high percentage of Cystic fibrosis patients can develop Cystic Fibrosis related Diabetes Mellitus (CFRD) due to the pancreatic damage that is done by the blocking of the ducts within in the pancreas. The Islet of Langerhans produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose concentrations. Insulin stimulates the formation of glycogen, removing glucose from the blood stream whereas glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen. With the pancreas undergoing autolysis, it is inevitable that these cells will become damaged and unable to produce a sufficient amount of insulin. However, CFRD is different to diabetes mellitus I and II. The specific symptoms affected by cystic fibrosis are glucose metabolism,   acute and chronic infection, glucagon deficiency, liver dysfunction, decreased intestinal transit time, and increased work of breathing8. Cystic fibrosis also affects male reproduction. In the male reproduction organs, the vas deferens is responsible for the transfer of sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation8. Male patients with cystic fibrosis lack this muscular tube and therefore there is no sperm in their ejaculate. Women however are fertile, but careful control of nutritional intake must be taken to ensure the full term of pregnancy and subsequent birth can be achieved. I can be possible for parents to pass the gene for cystic fibrosis onto their children. As a man expressing the disease being infertile the recessive gene must come from a carrier of cystic fibrosis but not expressing any symptoms. If the female sufferers from cystic fibrosis then there is a 50% chance that the child will also have the disease. However if the female is also a carrier of the recessive gene then there is a 25% chance that the child will have cystic fibrosis. Current Treatments As it stands at the moment, cystic fibrosis cannot be cured. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, and therefore there is an error in the DNA of cells of an individual apart from their gametes. This means that the only available option to sufferers is to find drugs to treat the various symptoms. However in recent years there have been successful attempts to find drugs to resolve the original defects. Patients with cystic fibrosis often suffer from severe pulmonary infections, as they are less efficient at swallowing mucous containing pathogens. The airway surface liquid and cilia, as discussed above are responsible for the movement of mucous up the respiratory tract in a normal individual. Cystic fibrosis sufferers lack the required volume of airway surface liquid. One such treatment, looking to solve the problem caused by the faulty gene is hypertonic saline. Hypertonic saline is the current drug used to bring about an increase in the volume of airway surface liquid in the lungs of the patients. It has been shown by researchers that in vitro, hypertonic saline is effective with rehydrating and providing more airway surface liquid8. If from an early age there is aid with mucosal clearance from the respiratory tract, it would reduce the chances of the patient developing severe bacterial infections from pathogens such as pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics are also important to control pulmonary bacterial infections that occur from poor mucosal clearance. Macrolide antibiotics are cheap antibiotics used to treat cystic fibrosis sufferers. They work by inhibiting the bacteria protein biosynthesis; however the precise mechanism they use is currently not fully understood. Macrolides have a dual function in the cystic fibrosis treatment. They affect cytokine production of many cell types and are therefore effective as anti-inflammatory agents8. One study showed that taking azithromycin three times a week reduced the virulence factor production, decreased biofilm production, bactericidal effects on pseudomonas aeruginosa growing in stationary phase8. Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms brought about by cystic fibrosis require other forms of treatment, as they unable to produce enough enzymes to digest their food. Enzymes are usually secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine, allowing the individual to digest their food. However a patient with pancreatic insufficiency is unable to secrete the enzymes into the small intestine due to the intrapancreatic ducts being blocked. This needs to be treated as patients are at risk of severe malnutrition if food cannot be fully digested. Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Theory (PERT) is used to treat this problem. The enzymes used in PERT are taken with every meal to aid in the absorption of food in the small intestine.   This does not solve the underlying problem caused by cystic fibrosis, and can only treat the symptoms. This is because the enzymes do not last for a great deal of time in the body; the reason why enzymes must be taken with every meal. Chest physiotherapy can aid in the treatment of a sufferer as it can help in mucosal clearance from the pulmonary tract[11]. Some methods focus on the way the patient breathes which include active cycle of breathing techniques, and autogenic drainage11. However some techniques focus on actual mucosal clearance like positive expiratory pressure (PEP) oscillating positive expiratory pressure11. The final and most severe treatment used to use the chronic pulmonary disease is lung transplantation. This procedure comes with high risk with only 50% children surviving 5 years after the transplant and 50% of adults surviving 6 years after the transplant8. Future Treatments As of yet there is no cure for cystic fibrosis, however there are promising new drugs on the horizon which could one day all but cure the genetic disease. A drug that is combatting the â€Å"basic defect† of cystic fibrosis is VX-770 made by Vertex pharmaceuticals. This drug is currently undergoing trials in the United States of America and is showing promise for improving lung function in those affected by cystic fibrosis. The drug itself targets the chlorine channels in the apical membrane, opening them to allow chlorine to leave the epithelial cells. Results from the recent Phase 3 clinical trials showed that there was a 10% increase in lung function in people aged 12 and above, and a 12.5% increase in lung function for those from ages 6 to 11. The drug also decreased the concentration of chlorine in sweat and allowed the patients taking the drug to gain on average 7 pounds12. Pancreatic insufficiency usually makes it hard for the cystic fibrosis patient to gain weight, meaning the drug has an effect on gastrointestinal symptoms as well as respiratory symptoms. The idea of gene therapy is a concept that has been around for a while. The Cystic fibrosis gene therapy consortium was set up in 2001 to focus on developing new ways to combat cystic fibrosis and the symptoms. In February 2009, the consortium made a step closer to find a â€Å"gene therapy cure† for cystic fibrosis. They managed to insert successfully, a working CFTR gene into a viral vector, which was then transported into the lungs of a cystic fibrosis patient. Whereas the idea itself is good, there are some drawbacks. The viral vector itself comes under attack from the immune system as well as viral vectors being poor at inserting DNA into epithelial cells8. Therefore the The Cystic fibrosis gene therapy consortium has been looking at using lipid vectors currently with little success. They have reported that currently gene expression in the cells that do take up the gene is currently temporary and they are looking into methods to provide sustained gene expression in the ep ithelial cells. Not all mutations cause the CFTR protein not to be synthesised. Some mutations cause the CFTR protein to be marked for degradation as the chaperones, aiding with folding the protein, do not dissociate from the protein8. There have been tests in labs using chemicals such as phenylbutyrate8, however any further developments in this field of research. Conclusion It is remarkable how such a small difference in the DNA of an individual can have so much effect on the patients’ health.   However the future looks bright for those patients suffering with cystic fibrosis. There is a huge amount of research taking place in order to find new treatments and potential cures for the disease. Recently, research has shifted from looking for ways to treat the symptoms, to methods of treating the underlying problems behind the disease. For example a drug called VX-770 made by Vertex Pharmaceuticals, focuses on the inefficient chlorine channels in the epithelial cells. If cystic fibrosis remains a continually financially backed area of research, there is no reason why significant progress cannot be made sooner rather than later.